The power of future :SOLAR PANELS and Solar energy

WHY WE NEED SOLAR ENERGY AND SOLER PANELS???? 
We all know that the fuels are not endless. Like coal, petroleum etc. They can able to give us electricity. But there are some problem :

1 : these fuels are not endless
2: they are costly and not recyclable
3: they are very harmful for the nature

We can solve this problem by Atomic power but the atomic power stations waste is more dengerous.
SO we need a alternative source of energy. Among of other energies soler energy is best. Because the power of sun
Is endless. 
SO we need soler energy.

Solar panel and their use 

There are two types of solar panels :

 1:Photovoltaic solar panels

    2:SOLAR tharmal panels 

Photovoltaic solar panels: Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity . A photovoltaic (PV) module is a , connected assembly of typically 6x10 photovoltaic solar cells . Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array of a  system  that generates and supplies solar electricity  in commercial and residential applications.

photovoltaic

Solar tharmal panels :solar tharmal collector are classified by the United States energy information administration as low-, medium-, or high-temperature collectors. Low-temperature collectors are generally unglazed and used to heat swimming pools or to heat ventilation air. Medium-temperature collectors are also usually flat plates but are used for heating water or air for residential and commercial use. High-temperature collectors concentrate sunlight using mirrors orlenses and are generally used for fulfilling heat requirements up to 300 deg C / 20 bar pressure in industries, and for electric power production. 

How does it  works??? 
Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons ) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effects .The majority of modules use wafer -based crystalline silicone cells or thin film cells . The structural member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells must be connected electrically in series, one to another.

A PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and it is its output interface.Externally, most of photovoltaic modules use MC4 connector type to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. Also, USB power interface can be used.

Module electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage or in parallel to provide a desired current capability . The conducting wires that take the current off the modules may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals. Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module shading, to maximize the output of module sections still illuminated.

Some special solar PV modules include concentrators ntrators in which light is focused by  mirrors onto smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area  in a cost-effective way.

Solar panels also use metal frames consisting of racking components, brackets, reflector shapes, and troughs to better support the panel structure.

Solar panels efficiency :Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 365 watts (W) . The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 W module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 W module. There are a few commercially available solar modules that exceed efficiency of 24%

Depending on construction, photovoltaic modules can produce electricity from a range of frequencies of light , but usually cannot cover the entire solar range (specifically, ultraviolet , infrared and low or diffused light). Hence, much of the incident sunlight energy is wasted by solar modules, and they can give far higher efficiencies if illuminated with monochromatic light. Therefore, another design concept is to split the light into six to eight different wavelength ranges that will produce a different color of light, and direct the beams onto different cells tuned to those ranges. This has been projected to be capable of raising efficiency by 50%.Scientists from Spectrolab, a subsidiary of Boeing , have reported development of multi-junction solar cells with an efficiency of more than 40%, a new world record for solar photovoltaic cells.The Spectrolab scientists also predict that concentrator solar cells could achieve efficiencies of more than 45% or even 50% in the future, with theoretical efficiencies being about 58% in cells with more than three junctions.

Efficiencies of solar panel can be calculated by MPP (maximum power point) value of solar panels. 

Technology: Most solar modules are currently produced from crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells  made

of multicysstraline silicone and monocrystaline  silicone . In 2013, crystalline silicon accounted for more than 90 percent of worldwide PV production, while the rest of the overall market is made up of thin film  cadmium terulite,  CIGS and AMORPHOUS silicone.

Solar panels price :On average the total cost of solar installation can be between $15,000 to $29,000 for average sized systems sized between 4kW and 8kW. Sunrun solar lets you get started for as little as $0 down and helps you lower your electric bill.

Solar power in India : Solar power in India. Solar power in India is a fast

developing industry. The country's solar installed capacity reached 25.21 GW as of 31 December 2018. The Indian government had an initial target of 20 GW capacity for 2022, which was achieved four years ahead of schedule.

Future scope: Solar power is essential in a sustainable and fossil free energysystem.At 27%, solar energy systems such as solar farms and concentrating solar power (CSP) plants would become the world's most valuable energy resource, generating more energy than fossil fuels, wind, or

hydroelectric systems, as well as reducing carbon emissions by 6 billion tonnes per year. Due to decreasing costs and low CO2 emissions, volumes ofsolar panels will continue to grow in our core markets and around the world; contributing to an increasing proportion of future electrification.